Misogyny Workshops for Schools, Colleges, Universities and Staff Training

2020 Dreams Misogyny Workshops for Schools help pupils, students and professionals recognise, challenge and prevent sexist attitudes, harmful gender expectations, online misogyny, sexual harassment and behaviours that can undermine healthy relationships and safeguarding.

Misogyny does not always begin with extreme language or overt hatred. In education settings it can start with jokes, stereotypes, sexualised comments, controlling behaviour, dismissive attitudes towards girls, pressure on boys to prove masculinity, online influencer content or the normalisation of ideas that present women and girls as less deserving of respect.

Our Misogyny Workshops take a preventative approach. Participants explore how attitudes form, how peer culture and online environments can reinforce them, where behaviour crosses from opinion or banter into discrimination or safeguarding concern, and how respectful relationships and positive masculinity provide healthier alternatives.

The programme avoids shaming boys or treating masculinity itself as a problem. Instead, Misogyny Awareness Workshops create structured space for honest discussion about equality, identity, consent, power, accountability, social media, the manosphere, incel culture, pornography, AI-generated sexual imagery and the wider impact of violence against women and girls.

Misogyny Workshops for schools, colleges, universities and staff training UK

Core Features of Our Misogyny Workshops for Schools

  • Age-appropriate explanation of misogyny, sexism, gender stereotypes and harmful attitudes
  • Interactive scenarios drawn from classrooms, corridors, group chats, relationships and social media
  • Critical exploration of misogynistic influencers, the manosphere, incel culture and online echo chambers
  • Positive discussion of masculinity without stigmatising boys or young men
  • Links between misogyny, pornography, sexual harassment, consent, coercive control and violence against women and girls
  • Practical bystander strategies for challenging harmful language and supporting peers safely
  • Digital literacy around algorithms, viral content, AI deepfakes and manipulated sexual imagery
  • Staff training and whole-school support for responding consistently to misogyny-related concerns

Content is adapted by age and phase. Upper primary sessions focus on fairness, stereotypes, friendship and respectful behaviour. Secondary and post-16 programmes can examine online influence, sexual harassment, consent, pornography, coercive control, misogynistic subcultures and the responsibilities that come with increasing independence.

What Is Misogyny? Understanding Sexism, Gender Attitudes and Safeguarding

Misogyny refers to harmful attitudes, prejudice, contempt or discriminatory behaviour directed towards women and girls because of their sex or gender. It can appear through language, stereotypes, unequal expectations, harassment, entitlement, control or hostility.

Misogyny Workshops help young people recognise that misogyny exists on a spectrum. At one end may be apparently casual comments that reinforce stereotypes. At the more serious end can be sexual harassment, coercive control, abuse, threats and violence.

This does not mean every sexist joke inevitably leads to violence. The educational purpose is to understand how repeated attitudes and behaviours can contribute to a peer culture in which disrespect, entitlement or harassment becomes easier to excuse or overlook.

The workshop also distinguishes misogyny from healthy masculinity. Confidence, leadership, ambition, strength and male identity are not presented as harmful. The focus is on whether those qualities are built on respect and responsibility or on domination, humiliation and the devaluation of other people.

Why Schools Need Misogyny Workshops and Sexism Prevention Education

Schools and colleges are increasingly having to respond to attitudes that travel quickly between online spaces and everyday peer culture. A pupil may encounter a short video about confidence, dating, money or masculinity and then be recommended increasingly polarised material about gender, relationships and women.

Misogyny can also appear without any obvious connection to extremist online spaces. It may present through sexualised comments, humiliating girls in group chats, controlling behaviour in teenage relationships, hostility towards female staff, pressure around appearance, victim blaming or beliefs that consent is something to negotiate rather than respect.

Misogyny Workshops for Schools create an opportunity to address these issues before they become normalised. Participants learn the language to identify harmful behaviour, examine why certain narratives can be attractive and practise responding without turning the session into a confrontation between boys and girls.

Misogyny in Schools: What Current Evidence Shows

Current evidence supports a preventative but balanced approach. Department for Education pupil survey data published in 2026 showed that misogynistic comments remained a real feature of school life, while also recording improvement compared with earlier 2025 survey waves.

32%

Key Stage 3 pupils

Said they had heard misogynistic comments from other pupils on at least some days in the previous week in the DfE December 2025 survey.

44%

Key Stage 4 pupils

Reported hearing misogynistic comments on at least some days in the previous week.

68%

Girls aged 11 to 21

Girlguiding’s 2025 survey found more than two thirds had changed everyday behaviour to try to avoid sexual harassment.

1 in 10

Girls aged 11 to 16

Reported intentionally missing school to reduce the risk of sexual harassment in Girlguiding’s 2025 research.

The same DfE survey found that 20% of Key Stage 3 pupils and 29% of Key Stage 4 pupils had heard comments from other pupils that made them worry about the safety of girls and women on at least some days in the previous week. These figures were lower than the March 2025 survey, showing why schools need both continued prevention and an evidence-based understanding of change over time.

Teacher research also shows the issue remains visible to staff. YouGov’s 2025 study found 45% of teachers regarded misogynistic attitudes and behaviour among boys at their own school as a problem, rising to 67% among secondary-school teachers.

What Students Learn in Misogyny Workshops

Recognise Misogyny and Sexism
Identify stereotypes, sexualised comments, unequal expectations, harassment and behaviours that can be disguised as humour or normal peer culture.
Question Online Influence
Understand how social media influencers, recommendation systems and online communities can reinforce increasingly hostile views about gender and relationships.
Build Positive Masculinity
Explore confidence, responsibility, emotional strength, respect and identity without relying on domination, humiliation or rigid gender expectations.
Understand Consent and Power
Recognise entitlement, pressure, coercion, controlling behaviour and the importance of respecting boundaries in relationships and online interactions.
Challenge Harm Safely
Practise realistic bystander responses when friends make sexist comments, share harmful content or behave in ways that make others feel unsafe.
Know When to Seek Help
Understand when misogynistic behaviour moves beyond disagreement or poor judgement and becomes harassment, abuse, exploitation or a safeguarding concern.

Banter, Bias or Safeguarding Concern? Misogyny Scenario Lab

A distinctive feature of our Misogyny Workshops is the Scenario Lab. Pupils work through realistic situations where the line between humour, peer pressure, prejudice and safeguarding harm is not always immediately obvious.

“It Was Only a Joke”

A sexist comment is repeated in class and several pupils laugh. The person targeted looks uncomfortable but says nothing.

Workshop question: Does intention matter more than impact, and what could a bystander do without escalating the situation?

The Influencer Clip

A popular video says that successful relationships require men to be dominant and women to accept different rules.

Workshop question: What makes the message persuasive, what assumptions is it making and who benefits from those assumptions?

The Group Chat

A sexualised image, rumour or humiliating comment about a girl is being shared in a friendship group and nobody wants to be the person who objects.

Workshop question: What responsibility do people have when they did not create the content but are helping it spread?

The Controlling Relationship

One partner expects passwords, constant location updates and immediate replies and describes jealousy as proof of love.

Workshop question: Where is the difference between care, insecurity, pressure and control?

The Scenario Lab moves the conversation away from abstract definitions. Young people practise recognising power, impact, consent, peer influence and safer intervention in situations they can understand and discuss.

What Our Misogyny Workshops Cover

Every Misogyny Workshop is tailored to the age group, setting and safeguarding priorities of the organisation. Sessions can provide broad misogyny awareness or focus more deeply on a specific issue such as the manosphere, incel culture, pornography, consent, toxic masculinity, online radicalisation, sexual harassment or healthy relationships.

Recognising Misogyny, Sexism and Everyday Gender Bias

Participants begin with practical examples that help distinguish disagreement, humour and individual preference from patterns that devalue or discriminate against women and girls.

🔹 Sexist jokes and language
🔹 Gender stereotypes and unequal expectations
🔹 Sexualised comments
🔹 Dismissive behaviour towards girls or female staff
🔹 Objectification and appearance-based judgement
🔹 Victim blaming
🔹 Entitlement and double standards
🔹 Recognising when behaviour becomes a safeguarding concern

Misogynistic Influencers, the Manosphere and Online Gender Narratives

Online content about dating, status, wealth, fitness or confidence can sometimes lead into increasingly rigid or hostile ideas about women and relationships. Workshops examine the messages rather than turning individual personalities into the focus.

🔹 Misogynistic influencer culture
🔹 The manosphere and associated online communities
🔹 Algorithms and recommendation systems
🔹 Masculinity as a marketing tool
🔹 Relationship myths and gender hierarchies
🔹 Emotional hooks including insecurity, rejection and status
🔹 Critical thinking before adopting or sharing a claim

Schools requiring greater depth can combine this programme with our Manosphere Workshops.

Incel Culture, Online Communities and Radicalisation Pathways

The revised 2026 RSHE guidance places new emphasis on helping secondary pupils understand incel culture and harmful online influences. Our workshops explain the issue without suggesting that loneliness, rejection or male frustration automatically leads to extremism.

🔹 What “incel” means in online culture
🔹 Grievance and identity
🔹 Blaming women for personal difficulties
🔹 Dehumanising language
🔹 Online communities that reinforce hostility
🔹 Escalation from frustration to harmful ideology
🔹 Positive routes for connection, confidence and support

Toxic Masculinity and Positive Masculinity Workshops

Misogyny Workshops explore the pressures boys can experience to suppress emotion, dominate others, avoid vulnerability or prove status. The purpose is not to criticise masculinity but to broaden the range of ways boys and young men can understand strength.

🔹 Pressure to “man up”
🔹 Emotional suppression
🔹 Aggression as proof of strength
🔹 Status and sexual reputation
🔹 Fear of appearing weak
🔹 Confidence without domination
🔹 Accountability, empathy and leadership

For a dedicated programme, see our Toxic Masculinity Workshops.

Pornography, Sexual Expectations and Misogyny

Where age appropriate, workshops can examine how pornography and sexualised online content may influence ideas about bodies, sex, power, consent and what people believe partners should accept.

🔹 Pornography versus real relationships
🔹 Consent and unrealistic expectations
🔹 Objectification and sexual entitlement
🔹 Performance pressure
🔹 Aggression and gendered scripts
🔹 Critical media literacy
🔹 Respectful sexual ethics and communication

This content can be combined with our Pornography Workshops.

Consent, Entitlement and Healthy Relationships

Misogyny can influence relationships when one person believes they are entitled to another person’s attention, body, passwords, location or compliance. Workshops connect respect to practical relationship behaviour.

🔹 Ongoing consent
🔹 Pressure and coercion
🔹 Jealousy and possessiveness
🔹 Controlling behaviour
🔹 Sexual entitlement
🔹 Double standards
🔹 Respecting a change of mind
🔹 Recognising healthy boundaries

Schools, colleges, universities and organisations can combine this content with our Healthy Relationships Workshops, Consent Workshops and Teenage Relationship Abuse Workshops. These programmes extend the work from challenging misogynistic attitudes into practical relationship skills including respect, trust, boundaries, communication, consent and recognising controlling behaviour.

AI Deepfakes, Image-Based Abuse and Digital Misogyny

AI-generated sexual imagery and manipulated media create new ways for misogyny, humiliation and harassment to occur. The 2026 RSHE guidance specifically increases awareness of AI and deepfakes.

🔹 AI-generated sexualised images
🔹 Non-consensual deepfake imagery
🔹 Manipulated screenshots and rumours
🔹 Digital consent
🔹 Reputation and humiliation
🔹 Sharing versus creating harmful content
🔹 Reporting and preserving evidence
🔹 Supporting the person targeted without further circulation

For a dedicated programme, see our AI & Deepfake Workshops.

Sexual Harassment, Bystander Behaviour and Peer Culture

A strong prevention programme does not focus only on perpetrators and victims. It also examines the role of peers who witness harmful behaviour and the culture that develops when nobody feels able to challenge it.

🔹 Sexualised comments and unwanted attention
🔹 Rumours and humiliation
🔹 Group chat behaviour
🔹 Bystander silence
🔹 Safe intervention strategies
🔹 Supporting someone who has experienced harassment
🔹 Reporting without retaliation
🔹 Building a peer culture where respect has social value

Intersectionality and Different Experiences of Misogyny

Women and girls do not experience misogyny in identical ways. Workshops can explore how sexism may intersect with racism, disability, religion, sexuality or other forms of prejudice without reducing people to labels.

🔹 Stereotypes affecting different groups of girls and women
🔹 Racist and sexualised stereotypes
🔹 Disability and vulnerability
🔹 LGBTQ+ experiences
🔹 Online targeting and harassment
🔹 Avoiding assumptions about victims and perpetrators

The Misogyny Escalation Pathway: How Attitudes Can Become Harm

One of the key learning tools in our Misogyny Workshops is the Escalation Pathway. It helps pupils see how harmful attitudes can become increasingly serious when they are repeatedly reinforced or left unchallenged.

01

STEREOTYPE

Rigid assumptions about what girls, women, boys or men should be like begin to shape expectations.

02

NORMALISE

Sexist jokes, objectification or disrespect become ordinary because peers stop reacting or begin treating them as harmless.

03

ENTITLEMENT

Respect becomes conditional and one person begins to believe they deserve attention, sex, obedience or control.

04

HARM

Harassment, coercion, humiliation, abuse or violence can emerge when power and entitlement override another person’s boundaries.

The pathway is not presented as inevitable. Its purpose is to identify opportunities for prevention at every stage: questioning stereotypes, challenging peer norms, respecting boundaries and involving trusted adults when behaviour becomes unsafe.

The 2020 Dreams RESPECT Framework

Participants use a simple RESPECT Framework to assess language, relationships and online content. It gives young people a practical alternative to vague instructions to “just be respectful”.

RECOGNISE
Notice the attitude or behaviour
Identify stereotypes, pressure, humiliation, objectification, entitlement or unequal expectations.
EXAMINE
Question the message
Ask where the idea came from, what evidence supports it, who benefits and whether a different standard is being applied to men and women.
STEP IN
Choose a safe response
Challenge, redirect, refuse to share, support the person affected or involve an adult depending on the seriousness of the situation.
PROTECT
Protect boundaries and wellbeing
Respect consent, privacy and equality and recognise when harassment, abuse or threats require safeguarding support.

Misogyny Workshop Overview

Workshop
Misogyny Workshops
Duration
1 to 4 hours, with custom half-day and full-day programmes available
Key Topics
Misogyny, Sexism, Toxic Masculinity, Positive Masculinity, Misogynistic Influencers, Manosphere, Incel Culture, Pornography, Consent, Sexual Harassment, AI Deepfakes, Bystander Behaviour, VAWG, Scenario Lab and RESPECT Framework
Suitable For
Upper Primary, Secondary Schools, Sixth Forms, Colleges, Universities, SEMH, PRUs, Alternative Provision, Independent and Boarding Schools, International Schools, Youth Organisations and Professional Teams
Delivery
Face to face across the UK or virtual delivery via Microsoft Teams, Zoom and other platforms
Staff Training
Available for teachers, safeguarding leads, pastoral teams, senior leaders, youth workers, universities and other professionals
Bespoke Programmes
Content can be tailored around year group, online influencer concerns, sexual harassment, relationships, pornography, staff confidence, recent incidents or wider equality and safeguarding priorities

Misogyny Workshops and the 2026 RSHE Requirements

The revised statutory Relationships, Sex and Health Education guidance comes into force on 1 September 2026. It strengthens teaching around misogynistic online content, unhealthy attitudes to consent, power and control, positive role models, the manosphere, incel culture, pornography, AI and deepfakes.

The government’s current Violence Against Women and Girls strategy also places prevention in schools at the centre of its approach. It states that the new RSHE curriculum should help young people develop positive conceptions of masculinity and femininity and understand harmful misogynistic online content without stigmatising boys.

Misogyny Workshops give schools a practical way to support these priorities through discussion, scenarios, digital literacy, consent education, healthy relationships and constructive engagement with boys and young men.

From September 2026: the revised RSHE guidance and Keeping Children Safe in Education 2026 both come into force. External workshops can support delivery, but schools remain responsible for ensuring teaching is appropriate, safeguarding concerns are handled correctly and resources suit their pupils.

2020 Dreams PSHE Workshops Guide

PSHE Workshops Guide

Get the FREE 2020 Dreams PSHE Workshops Guide.

Misogyny Staff Training for Schools, Colleges and Universities

In addition to pupil sessions, Misogyny Staff Training is available for teachers, designated safeguarding leads, pastoral teams, senior leaders, lecturers, tutors, youth workers and other professionals.

Misogyny staff training can focus on:

🔹 Recognising sexist and misogynistic language
🔹 Understanding the manosphere and incel terminology
🔹 Misogynistic influencers and online radicalisation pathways
🔹 Supporting boys without shaming masculinity
🔹 Sexual harassment and child-on-child abuse
🔹 Pornography, consent and harmful sexual expectations
🔹 AI deepfakes and image-based abuse
🔹 Responding consistently to classroom and corridor incidents
🔹 Supporting pupils who experience sexism or harassment
🔹 Recording, escalating and safeguarding concerns
🔹 Embedding the 2026 RSHE changes into curriculum planning

Training can be delivered as a standalone session or incorporated into a wider Staff Training.

Safeguarding Outcomes from Misogyny Workshops

Well-designed Misogyny Workshops create a shared language for discussing sexism, consent, online influence, harassment and gender-based harm. This can make it easier for pupils to identify concerns and for staff to respond consistently.

The programme supports prevention by addressing attitudes before they become embedded in relationships or peer culture. It also helps participants understand the difference between being challenged for a harmful comment and being personally condemned, creating more opportunity for reflection and behaviour change.

Girls and young women benefit from clearer acknowledgement of the behaviour they may experience, while boys and young men are given constructive alternatives that do not frame them as inherently problematic. The objective is safer relationships and stronger accountability for everyone.

Misogyny Workshops by Age Group

Content is adapted by age, maturity, setting and safeguarding need. The same language and examples are not appropriate for every phase.

Misogyny and Sexism Workshops for Upper Primary Schools, Years 5 and 6

Upper primary sessions focus on fairness, stereotypes, friendship, language, respect and the early messages children receive about what boys and girls are supposed to be like.

Aims: recognising stereotypes, empathy, respectful friendship, confidence challenging unkind comments and preparing for secondary school.

Misogyny Workshops for Secondary Schools, KS3 and KS4

Secondary sessions explore sexism, influencer culture, toxic masculinity, the manosphere, incel culture, pornography, consent, sexual harassment, social media and peer pressure.

Aims: recognising misogyny, questioning online influence, improving consent awareness, challenging peer culture and developing positive masculinity.

Misogyny Workshops for Sixth Forms and Colleges

Post-16 sessions can explore sexual harassment, coercive control, pornography, dating, nightlife, online influence, consent, professional reputation and responsibility as students gain greater independence.

Aims: mature consent education, respectful relationships, bystander confidence, digital literacy and accountability.

Misogyny Workshops for Universities and Adult Learners

University programmes can support Freshers Week, consent campaigns, equality initiatives, staff/student training and wider work on campus culture, harassment and professional conduct.

Aims: consent, boundaries, bystander responsibility, respectful campus culture, professional behaviour and challenging harmful gender attitudes.

Benefits of Misogyny Workshops for Schools, Colleges and Universities

Misogyny Workshops can strengthen PSHE, RSHE, safeguarding, equality and personal development by helping institutions address gender attitudes in a practical and preventative way.

Supports RSHE 2026
Addresses misogynistic online content, positive masculinity, incel culture, pornography, consent, AI and deepfake-related harms.
Improves Digital Literacy
Helps pupils question influencers, viral claims, algorithms and online communities rather than accepting harmful narratives at face value.
Promotes Positive Masculinity
Gives boys and young men healthier language around confidence, emotion, strength, respect and leadership.
Strengthens Consent Education
Connects gender attitudes to boundaries, coercion, entitlement and respectful relationships.
Builds Bystander Confidence
Provides realistic strategies for responding when peers make sexist comments, share harmful content or behave inappropriately.
Creates Shared Safeguarding Language
Helps pupils and staff discuss sexism, harassment, online influence and relationship concerns more consistently.

How We Deliver Misogyny Workshops

Interactive Delivery
Discussion, scenarios, polls, reflection and decision making rather than a lecture telling pupils what they are allowed to think.
Misogyny Scenario Lab
Realistic situations explore banter, influencer content, group chats, sexual harassment, controlling relationships and safer bystander choices.
Non-Accusatory Approach
The programme challenges harmful attitudes without treating boys, masculinity or disagreement as inherently dangerous.
Current Digital Culture
Sessions can incorporate age-appropriate examples involving social media, influencers, pornography, AI, deepfakes and online relationship narratives.
Tailored Design
Content is adapted to age group, setting, school culture, safeguarding priorities and any specific concerns identified in advance.
Flexible Formats
One-hour workshops, extended sessions, half-day programmes, full-day programmes, student enrichment, staff CPD and parent awareness.
UK Wide and Virtual
Face-to-face delivery across the UK with virtual options for UK and international organisations.

Related Misogyny, Relationships and Online Safety Workshops

Misogyny often overlaps with relationships, online influence, pornography, harassment and wider gender expectations. Build a broader programme by combining Misogyny Workshops with related 2020 Dreams sessions.

Manosphere Workshops

Misogynistic influencers, incel culture, online communities, identity and harmful gender narratives.

Manosphere Workshops

Toxic Masculinity Workshops

Masculinity, emotional pressure, status, aggression, identity and positive alternatives.

Toxic Masculinity Workshops

Consent Workshops

Consent, pressure, boundaries, communication, relationships and respectful sexual behaviour.

Consent Workshops

AI and Deepfake Workshops

AI-generated imagery, sexual deepfakes, impersonation, digital consent and safeguarding.

AI & Deepfake Workshops

Pornography Education Workshops

Pornography, consent, relationships, expectations, digital literacy and sexual wellbeing.

Pornography Workshops

Healthy Relationships Workshops

Respect, trust, communication, consent, boundaries, healthy conflict and recognising control within relationships.

Healthy Relationships Workshops

VAWG Workshops

Violence against women and girls, harassment, relationships, bystander behaviour and prevention.

VAWG Workshops

Misogyny Workshops FAQ


Misogyny Workshops can be delivered as one-hour targeted sessions, extended two-hour workshops, half-day programmes or full-day programmes. Multiple sessions can also be delivered across a school day for different year groups. Bespoke formats are available for safeguarding days, enrichment programmes and staff training.


Content can be adapted from upper primary through secondary school, sixth form, college and university. Upper primary delivery focuses on stereotypes, fairness, language and respectful friendship. More complex subjects such as pornography, incel culture, coercive control and sexual harassment are introduced only where appropriate for age and maturity.


No. The programme deliberately avoids stigmatising boys. Participants explore positive masculinity alongside harmful gender expectations. Confidence, ambition, strength and male identity are not treated as problems; the focus is on respect, equality, accountability and whether behaviour harms or controls other people.


Yes. Secondary and post-16 sessions can explore misogynistic influencers, the manosphere, incel culture, online grievance communities, algorithms and the way harmful narratives about women and relationships can become reinforced online.


Yes, where appropriate for the age group. Sessions can examine pornography’s relationship with sexual expectations and misogyny, as well as AI-generated sexual imagery, deepfakes, digital consent and image-based harassment. These are also topics strengthened in the revised 2026 RSHE guidance.


Yes. The revised statutory RSHE guidance comes into force on 1 September 2026 and strengthens teaching around misogynistic online content, positive masculinity, incel culture, pornography, consent, power and control, AI and deepfakes. Workshops can support schools with this content as part of a wider planned curriculum.


Yes. Content can be adapted around sexist language, online influencer culture, harassment, relationships, pornography, social media incidents or other local safeguarding priorities. Relevant information can be discussed in advance so the workshop is appropriate without identifying individual pupils unnecessarily.


Yes. Training is available for teachers, safeguarding leads, senior leaders, pastoral teams, universities and other professionals. Staff sessions can focus on terminology, online subcultures, classroom responses, disclosures, sexual harassment, positive masculinity and implementation of the 2026 RSHE changes.


Yes. Workshops can be delivered face to face or virtually using platforms such as Microsoft Teams or Zoom. Virtual delivery is available for UK and international organisations.

Book Misogyny Workshops for Your School, College or University

Ready to bring Misogyny Workshops to your school, college, university or organisation? Tell us the age group, number of participants, preferred dates, location and the particular gender, relationship or online-culture concerns you would most like the session to address.

We can deliver a standalone Misogyny Workshop or build a wider programme combining misogyny with the manosphere, toxic masculinity, consent, pornography, AI deepfakes, healthy relationships and VAWG prevention.

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Misogyny, RSHE and VAWG References & Evidence Sources

Our Misogyny Workshops draw on current statutory guidance, government strategy and research into sexism, harassment and young people’s experiences:

These sources inform our current, age-appropriate and safeguarding-focused approach. External workshops can support curriculum delivery but do not replace a school’s own safeguarding procedures, curriculum planning or responsibility for responding to individual concerns.